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Heavy metal bioaccumulation by wild edible saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms

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Abstract

Heavy metals cause serious problems in the environment, and they can be accumulated in organisms, especially in the higher fungi. The concentration of Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg in 10 species of edible mushrooms in Medvednica Nature Park, Croatia was therefore determined. In addition, the similarity between the studied species was determined by cluster analysis based on concentrations of the aforementioned metals in the fruiting bodies. The contents of nickel, chromium, lead, cadmium, and mercury in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms were obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The highest concentrations of Ni (3.62 mg kg−1), Cr (3.01 mg kg−1), and Cd (2.67 mg kg−1) were determined in Agaricus campestris. The highest concentration of Pb (1.67 mg kg−1) was determined in Macrolepiota procera, and the highest concentration of Hg (2.39 mg kg−1) was determined in Boletus edulis. The concentration of all heavy metals significantly differed (p < 0.001) between examined saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Considering anatomical part of the fruiting body (cap-stipe), a considerably higher concentration of the analyzed elements was found in the cap for all mushroom species. According to calculated bioconcentration factors, all the examined species were found to be bioexclusors of Ni, Cr, and Pb and bioaccumulators of Cd and Hg. Cluster analysis performed on the basis of the accumulation of the studied metals revealed great phenotypic similarity of mushroom species belonging to the same genus and partial similarity of species of the same ecological affiliation.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Professor Romano Božac for help, organization, and support during the collection and identification of mushrooms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Ivan Širić, Ante Kasap, Ivica Kos & Boro Mioč

  2. Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljan, Slovenia

    Miha Humar & Franc Pohleven

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  1. Ivan Širić
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  2. Miha Humar
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Correspondence to Miha Humar.

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Širić, I., Humar, M., Kasap, A. et al. Heavy metal bioaccumulation by wild edible saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 18239–18252 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7027-0

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